打破信息差，从零看懂主流资产

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大家好

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今天这10分钟

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我想用最简单的语言把理财这件事讲清楚

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今天的主题是理财通识

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从零看懂主流资产类型

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很多人一听到投资理财就会想到股票

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基金保险

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觉得乱复杂

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不敢碰

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其实所有的金融资产本质上就回答两个问题

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第一你是借钱出去还是当股东借钱出去

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你是债权人

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拿的是固定利息入股

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你是股东分享的是公司成长的收益

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第二你愿意承担多大风险换收益

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记住高收益必然伴随高波动

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任何宣传零风险

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高回报的几乎都是骗局

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把这两个问题想清楚

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整个理财世界就不再复杂了

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理财的第一原则只有一句话

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风险与收益成正比

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想要超额收益

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就必须接受本金的波动

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想要绝对安全

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就只能接受微薄的回报

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甚至跑不赢通货膨胀

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从图上我们可以看到

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从底部的现金国债到公司债

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股票

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再到最上方的加密资产

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收益的预期在增加

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但相应的风险和波动也在不断放大

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我们要做的是在自己能承受的风险范围内

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争取最合理的回报

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下面我把主流资产按风险从低到高

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给大家过一遍

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第一类现金及现金等价物

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这是你财务安全的底线

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这里主要包括活期存款

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定期存款

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货币市场基金

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比如大家熟悉的余额宝以及短期国库券

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这类资产怎么买呢

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通过银行或者券商案直接申购就可以

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门槛极低

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他们的年化收益

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一般在1.5%到5%之间

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他的定位是作为你3~6个月

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生活费的应急资金

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这笔钱不是用来赚钱的

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是用来让你睡得着觉的

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长期来看

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它是跑不赢通胀的

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第二类债务类资产或者叫固定收益资产

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在这个角色里

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你变成了债主

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本质上是你把钱借给政府或公司

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收取约定的利息

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到期收回本金

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按发行人主要分为三种

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借给国家的是国债

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最安全

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年化在2%到5%左右

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借给信用评级较高公司的是投资及公司债

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年化4%到6%

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还有高收益债

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也就是垃圾债年化能有6%到9%

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但违约风险也相对较高

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你可以通过券商账户直接买债券

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或者更省心一点

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通过债券基金和债券ETF1键买入一篮子债券

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第三类权益类资产

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也就是股票

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买股票意味着你成为了公司的部分所有者

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股票主要分为普通股和优先股

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普通股有投票权和分红权

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但清算顺序排在所有债权人之后

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承担着最大的经营风险

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优先股股息固定

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清算顺序优先于普通股

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但通常没有投票权

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股票有两种收益来源

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第一是资本利得

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也就是低买高卖赚价差

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这是大多数股票收益的主要来源

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第二是股息分红

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公司把净利润按持股比例分发给股东

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长期来看

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比如标普500指数

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明一年化收益在9%到10%左右

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但单年波动可能超过30%

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安全系数为两颗星

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第四类是基阶基金

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其实并不是一种独立的资产

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而是一种打包工具

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他把一篮子股票

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债券或者其他资产打包起来卖给你

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常见的有共同基金

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交易所基金

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也就是ETF指数基金和对冲基金

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这里最关键的一点是管理费

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管理费的高低直接决定了你的长期收益

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指数ETF的管理费通常小于0.1%

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而主动型共同基金

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可能高达1%到2%

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在复利的作用下

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这个费率差距会被无限放大

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第五类保险一定要记住

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保险的核心功能是风险转移

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不是用来赚钱的

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所以要先保障再理财

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一类是保障型

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比如医疗险

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重疾险

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定期寿险和意外险

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他们用极低的保费对冲极端风险

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虽然不返还

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也不增值

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但保障杠杆最高

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应该优先配置

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B类是储蓄和投资型

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比如年金险

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增额终身寿险等

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他们是长期的现金流规划工具

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缺点是流动性差

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前几年退保通常会亏损

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长期内部收益率

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通常在2%到4%左右

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在配置好保障之后

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可以适当考虑第六类另类资产

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它是你投资组合里的调味品

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但不建议作为主菜

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主要包括房地产或房地产信托rise

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他们能抗通胀

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提供稳定的租金

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现金流

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年化收益大约4%到8%

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大宗商品

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比如黄金

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原油波动比较大

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主要用来做对冲与分散加密货币

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具有极高的波动性

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高风险高回报

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仓位必须严格控制

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在你能够承受全部亏损归零的范围内

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现在我们把所有的资产放在一张全景图里

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从左到右

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风险逐渐递增

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现金收益在2%左右

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国债在4%

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投资及公司债5%

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高收益债8%

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储蓄险3%

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蓝筹股和指数ETF在9%左右

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而成长股可能达到12%

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随着预期收益的上升

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你需要承担的风险和波动也随之增加

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这就回到了我们最初的原则

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没有免费的午餐

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收益与风险成正比

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那么这些资产怎么买呢

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我们做了一个速查表

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现金基金类

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可以在银行app或者基金代销平台直接购买

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门槛极低

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债券股票和相关的ETF

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可以通过各大券商账户购买保险

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可以通过保险公司或者经纪人购买

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给普通人的入门建议是90%的

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普通人用一个低成本的宽基指数ETF

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比如追踪标普500的物或者沪深300ETF

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就能解决大部分的资产配置问题

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了解了各类资产

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最后我给大家三个

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今天就能立刻用上的配置原则

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第一先保障后投资

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把医疗险

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重疾险和六个月的应急资金准备好

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这是你财务的地基

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千万别跳过这一步

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第二不要把鸡蛋放在一个篮子里

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在股票债券现金之间做好分配

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也可以跨市场做分散配置

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第三用年龄来做粗略的股债比分配

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一个经典的法则是

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股票比例大约等于100~120

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减去你年龄的百分比

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比如30岁大概就是80%的股票

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20%的债券

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其实比选对某一个具体产品

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更重要的是这三件事

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长期持有定投以及控制费用

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我们来看个例子

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如果你每个月投资1000美元

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坚持30年

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如果是存银行或买国债

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年化3%

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最终你会得到大约58万美元

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如果是买债券组合

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年化6%

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最终是100万美元

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如果是股票指数ETF年化9%

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最终是183万美元

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如果是高风险成长股

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年化12%

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最终能达到350万美元

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爱因斯坦说过

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复利是世界第八大奇迹

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差的不是本金

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而是时间与收益率

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最后我们来复习一下今天的内容

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我们讲了六类资产

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现金债券

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股票基金

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保险和另类资产

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我们还讲了三条核心原则

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风险与收益成正比

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先保障后投资

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以及长期持有

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定投和控制低费用

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谢谢大家的观看

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希望你今天理解的每一个理财名词

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都能成为未来给自己加薪的基础

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